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| employees_stores [2026/01/25 10:13] – [Employees at Bugrooperia Station 1848-1849] judith | employees_stores [2026/02/08 16:39] (current) – judith |
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| ====== Employees, Stores ====== | ====== Employees, Stores ====== |
| There is a wealth of information about employees, the buying and selling of stores, and other aspects of life in the ledgers from various properties. Like the diaries and other material, the ledgers are in the Mitchell Library.((MLMSS 3117)) For more about them, see Judith Godden, ‘The Cinderella of Primary Sources’, //History. Magazine of the Royal Australian Historical Society//, June 2024, pp.2-4.\\ | There is a wealth of information about employees, the buying and selling of stores, and other aspects of life in the ledgers from various properties. Like the diaries and other material, the ledgers are in the Mitchell Library.((MLMSS 3117)) For more about them, see Judith Godden, ‘The Cinderella of Primary Sources’, //History. Magazine of the Royal Australian Historical Society//, June 2024, pp.2-4.\\ |
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| **Please remember that you can click on any image to enlarge it so making it clearer to read**. | |
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| All remote property owners, like TLM-P, had to act as store keepers, having supplies of essential goods carted in to be used by the household but also on-sold to employees and travellers. The following is a list of good which were kept at //Hawkwood// and the price at which they were sold. Unfortunately there is no record of the original cost of the goods nor of the considerable cost of transporting the goods. {{:hawkwood_prices_trimmed_page_20231019_164237.jpg?250|}}\\ | **Please remember that you can click on any image to enlarge it so making it clearer to read**.\\ |
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| | A property owner's labourers were vital to their success. As TLM-P told his daughter Rosa, 'To start into the bush without efficient labour was ruinous'. He recalled that a purchaser of a square mile (640 acres) could claim eight assigned (convict) servants and they all tried to ensure there was a carpenter and a blacksmith among them, as 'men most useful in forming a new place'.((Rosa Praed papers, Box 3, 8370, packet 3/1/1/, Oxley Library)) Once on the property the owner had to keep track of their employees and any payments made. They also acted as store keepers, having supplies of essential goods carted in to be used by the household but also on-sold to employees and travellers. The following is a list of good which were kept at //Hawkwood// and the price at which they were sold. Unfortunately there is no record of the original cost of the goods nor of the considerable cost of transporting the goods. {{:hawkwood_prices_trimmed_page_20231019_164237.jpg?250|}}\\ |
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| While at //Rosewood//, TLM-P regularly purchased supplies from G.F. Bennet & Co. of Brisbane with the goods carted to the property by George Bennett. Bennett presumably had others to help with the necessary paperwork as he was illiterate, signing with his mark.((pp.18-21)). In 1855, he did business with 'John Conolly store keeper Gayndar'. [[wp>|Gayndah]] is in the North Burnett region. Later at //Maroon//, many of the goods were purchased from G.H. Wilson of Ipswich. The following is one of the pages is an example: {{:wilson_account_mlmss_3117_box_820231019_150818.jpg?350|}} \\ | While at //Rosewood//, TLM-P regularly purchased supplies from G.F. Bennet & Co. of Brisbane with the goods carted to the property by George Bennett. Bennett presumably had others to help with the necessary paperwork as he was illiterate, signing with his mark.((pp.18-21)). In 1855, he did business with 'John Conolly store keeper Gayndar'. [[wp>|Gayndah]] is in the North Burnett region. Later at //Maroon//, many of the goods were purchased from G.H. Wilson of Ipswich. The following is one of the pages is an example: {{:wilson_account_mlmss_3117_box_820231019_150818.jpg?350|}} \\ |
| Ezra married Mary Ann Langdon in England in 1857 on her 21st birthday. They emigrated to Morton Bay,arriving 16 February 1858. Ezra worked on Maroon when it was owned by James Collins. One of their children, Jain Harvey, was reputedly the first white child born on Maroon. In 1870, Eliza was one of the first selectors of blocks carved from //Maroon// with he, Mary Ann and their children living in a slab hut with an earthen floor. Between 1858-78, they had 11 children, three of whom died in childhood. Mary Ann died on 10 February 1884 from heat exhaustion after she and Ezra had ridden from Maroon to Tamrookum Creek to visit her brother george Langdon and his family who were newly arrived emigrants.(( Information from display at The Rathdowney Visitor Information Centre and Historical Museum, April 2025; Harvey Family re-union. From England to Australia (Booklet) 1984, courtesy Ross Drynan.)) | Ezra married Mary Ann Langdon in England in 1857 on her 21st birthday. They emigrated to Morton Bay,arriving 16 February 1858. Ezra worked on Maroon when it was owned by James Collins. One of their children, Jain Harvey, was reputedly the first white child born on Maroon. In 1870, Eliza was one of the first selectors of blocks carved from //Maroon// with he, Mary Ann and their children living in a slab hut with an earthen floor. Between 1858-78, they had 11 children, three of whom died in childhood. Mary Ann died on 10 February 1884 from heat exhaustion after she and Ezra had ridden from Maroon to Tamrookum Creek to visit her brother george Langdon and his family who were newly arrived emigrants.(( Information from display at The Rathdowney Visitor Information Centre and Historical Museum, April 2025; Harvey Family re-union. From England to Australia (Booklet) 1984, courtesy Ross Drynan.)) |
| ===== Indigenous workers ===== | ===== Indigenous workers ===== |
| {{:ml_undated.jpg?300|}} This photo of a group of Aboriginal men (stockmen?) in the Murray-Prior papers (ML PXB661) has no attached information. It is a reminder of the huge gaps in our knowledge about the past, not the least from the Aboriginal viewpoint. The photo, faded and damaged as it is, gives context to TLM-P's criticism of depictions of 'Australians' and other indigenous groups at the [[wp>The_Crystal_Palace|Crystal Palace]] in England in 1882. He thought they were presented as 'miserable looking specimens' and 'very unlike those [Aboriginal people] I have seen'.((TLM-P, Diary, 29 June 1882, ML.)) \\ | The ledger books that have survived from TLM-P's various properties indicate that Indigenous workers were not employed on a regular basis but rather paid on an occasional and casual basis, perhaps fitting in with their traditional obligations as much as TLM-P's needs. TLM-P recalled that at Hawkwood, for example,he employed Indigenous people as shepherds including as least one women who he called 'Biddy'(p.45).Typically, Indigenous workers are rarely named (and certainly not given their Indigenous name) and any payments are very low. //Hawkwood//'s ledger simply refers to 'Black Boys'. In //Maroon//'s ledger for 1867-68, for example, an entry under Tom de M. M-P, simply notes that in May 1860 he paid 'Blackboy' 5 shillings.((MLMSS 3117/box 8)) Similarly there is a reference in 1879 of one of the employed stockman paying 'Hughie Black Boy’ 17 shillings.((MLMSS 3117 Box 10, Item 2, pp.6-7)) Note that these payments were made in cash, the only viable option for an irregularly paid Indigenous worker.\\ |
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| One of the few references to Indigenous workers by TLM-P is in a later reminiscence for his daughter Rosa Praed to use in her books. TLM-P gave examples of pidgin and Indigenous speech, and depiction his Indigenous workers as people with acute powers of sight and observation, a talent for mimicry, and a deep-seated sense of humour. He recalled one boy who he called 'Johnny' who rode with him to inspect the land after he had bought Hawkwood. He recalled that one of his Indigenous workers at //Bromelton// was one he called 'Charlie'. 'Charlie' had been a potential outcast due to strict Indigenous marriage laws: he had married 'Sallie' despite it being forbidden for him to marry into her tribal group. TLM-P said he persuaded the tribe to accept the transgression, and that Charlie (perhaps largely exiled from his extended family) stayed with him 'for years'. Charlie was either forgiven or eventually allowed back into tribal life. Like many Indigenous workers, he juggled seasonal obligations as a station worker with traditional obligations. 'Charlie' told TLM-P he had been ordered to attend a corroboree and that he 'must go'. He did, but got sick and died. TLM-P later learnt that Charlie had tried to send a message to TLM-P asking him to take a dray to collect him and ensure he would not die. 'Poor Charlie - had I got the message I should certainly have gone'. This is not to suggest, however, that he or any of his compatriots rose above his culture's assumption of the superiority of British people and one incident he described frightening Charlie for allowing a one remaining good horse to be 'broken down' by pretending he would hang and kill him - hardly a prank given how easily he could do so without legal consequences.((Rosa Praed papers, 8370/Box 3, packet 3/1/1/.)) TLM-P commented that, in his experience, Aboriginal Australians with exposure to white culture made good companions.(( Rosa Praed papers, Box 3, 8370, packet 3/1/1/.))\\ | |
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| The ledger books that have survived from TLM-P's various properties indicate the lack of power and oppression experienced by Indigenous workers like 'Charlie'. It appears that they were not employed on a regular basis but rather paid on an occasional and casual basis, perhaps fitting in with their obligations as much as TLM-P's needs. Typically, Indigenous workers are not named (and certainly not given their Indigenous name) and any payments are very low. //Hawkwood//'s ledger simply refers to 'Black Boys' giving no names. In //Maroon//'s ledger for 1867-68, for example, an entry under Tom de M. M-P, simply notes that in May 1860 he paid 'Blackboy' 5 shillings.((MLMSS 3117/box 8)) Similarly there is a reference in 1879 of one of the employed stockman paying 'Hughie Black Boy’ 17 shillings.((MLMSS 3117 Box 10, Item 2, pp.6-7)) Note that these payments were made in cash, the only option as it is unlikely an irregularly paid Indigenous worker would be able to open a bank account.\\ | In his reminiscences to his daughter Rosa, TLM-P described a number of outstanding Indigenous workers, particularly Billy Hay who he employed at Hawkwood. See [[indigenous_australians|Indigenous Australians]] |
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| The same pattern is evident when the ledgers list goods sold. Some examples: a page from 1857 listing basic goods sold at //Hawkwood//'s store (clothing and boots etc) lists individuals then simply what was sold to 'Black Boys'((MLMSS 3117/box7x)). Note that calling Indigenous male employees 'boys' persisted well into the late twentieth century. Note too that this page also includes an entry for goods sold to someone just listed as 'Chinaman'. Another example is from //Melcombe// (later called //Maroon//'s) store: white individuals are named (Timothy Daly, James Hooper, John Nalty, Harry McGarvy) then ‘John Black fellow’.((MLMSS 3117/box 8)) Ethnicity was so important that, like class and gender, it had to be made obvious even in a mundane list of goods sold.\\ | The same pattern is evident when the ledgers list goods sold. Some examples: a page from 1857 listing basic goods sold at //Hawkwood//'s store (clothing and boots etc) lists individuals then simply what was sold to 'Black Boys'((MLMSS 3117/box7x)). Note that calling Indigenous male employees 'boys' persisted well into the late twentieth century. Note too that this page also includes an entry for goods sold to someone just listed as 'Chinaman'. Another example is from //Melcombe// (later called //Maroon//'s) store: white individuals are named (Timothy Daly, James Hooper, John Nalty, Harry McGarvy) then ‘John Black fellow’.((MLMSS 3117/box 8)) Ethnicity was so important that, like class and gender, it had to be made obvious even in a mundane list of goods sold.\\ |
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| ==== Rosewood Station 1843-44 ==== | ==== Rosewood Station 1843-44 ==== |
| TLM-P started an account book (ledger) for his first station, //Rosewood//, on 23 June 1843 ((MLMSS3117/box 6/item 4. Though it is catalogued as from 24 June, the first entry is for the 23rd)). On its first page he recorded items he bought at a Brisbane sale on 23 June. These items include necessities such as fustian trousers, blankets, guns and knives, but also indicates that he aspired to gentility with silk handkerchiefs and two tablecloths.\\ | TLM-P started an account book (ledger) for his first station, //Rosewood//, on 23 June 1843 ((MLMSS3117/box 6/item 4. Though it is catalogued as from 24 June, the first entry is for the 23rd)). |
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| | ==== Rosewood Station Accounts 1843-44 ==== |
| | For context, see entry for Rosewood under [[Gaining Colonial Experience & Early Properties]]\\ |
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| | TLM-P started an account book (ledger) for //Rosewood// on 23 June 1843 ((MLMSS3117/box 6/item 4. Though it is catalogued as from 24 June, the first entry is for the 23rd)). On its first page he recorded items he bought at a Brisbane sale on 23 June. These items include necessities such as fustian trousers, blankets, guns and knives, but also indicates that he aspired to gentility with silk handkerchiefs and two tablecloths.\\ |
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| One page of his accounts reveals the co-dependence of neighbouring squatters. The 2-page spread lists items borrowed and lent from and to other stations, particularly from a neighbour E.B. Uhr. As well, among his list of expenses for August 1843, TLM-P notes he paid Uhr £20 'for his run [land] at Laidley Creek'. This was Edmund Blucher Uhr who features in David Marr's chilling book, //Killing For Country// (Black Inc., 2023). The co-dependence does not mean lack of conflict. Another entry in the Rosewood accounts is a payment of £26 to settle a boundary dispute with Uhr.\\ | One page of his accounts reveals the co-dependence of neighbouring squatters. The 2-page spread lists items borrowed and lent from and to other stations, particularly from a neighbour E.B. Uhr. As well, among his list of expenses for August 1843, TLM-P notes he paid Uhr £20 'for his run [land] at Laidley Creek'. This was Edmund Blucher Uhr who features in David Marr's chilling book, //Killing For Country// (Black Inc., 2023). The co-dependence does not mean lack of conflict. Another entry in the Rosewood accounts is a payment of £26 to settle a boundary dispute with Uhr.\\ |
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| | As seen below, a number of his employees were assigned (convict) labourers or former convicts. In hindsight, he was generally favourably disposed towards these men, telling his daughter Rosa that they generally welcomed going to a remote area 'where labour was valued, & there was little change of punishment, so that a man so placed did all he could to get thro' his time quietly.' He claimed that such men were generally offered a choice to go to the interior, with the inducement of 'good rations & £15 or £20 a year as long as you behave yourself ... this was a great inducement. They were almost in the position of free men - likely to become free & well off themselves, & good men most of them turned out.'((Rosa Praed papers, Box 3, 8370, packet 3/1/1/)) |
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| Employees included current and former convicts as well as others:\\ | Employees included current and former convicts as well as others:\\ |
| 5 **Edward Walker** was also 'free by servitude'. On 1 July 1843, TLM-P hired him as a general servant for three months at 10/- per week for 3 months. Walker was then re-hired to shear sheep and kept on for a year less '2 days’. He was paid £43.13.1, but bought goods from TLM-P’s store so received £18.10.6½ as the balance of his wages. TLM-P noted that the “Agreement & wages cancelled by the Court.” \\ | 5 **Edward Walker** was also 'free by servitude'. On 1 July 1843, TLM-P hired him as a general servant for three months at 10/- per week for 3 months. Walker was then re-hired to shear sheep and kept on for a year less '2 days’. He was paid £43.13.1, but bought goods from TLM-P’s store so received £18.10.6½ as the balance of his wages. TLM-P noted that the “Agreement & wages cancelled by the Court.” \\ |
| 6 **James Johnson** was another 'free by servitude'. He was employed on 18 August 1843 as a general servant at 10/- per week but discharged on 1 Oct 1843. He had luxurious tastes as the stores he bought from TLM-P included 3 silk handkerchiefs. It is possible he was the same James Johnson who Tom de M. M-P paid by cheque £1 to in May 1868 for shoeing horses on //Maroon//.\\ | 6 **James Johnson** was another 'free by servitude'. He was employed on 18 August 1843 as a general servant at 10/- per week but discharged on 1 Oct 1843. He had luxurious tastes as the stores he bought from TLM-P included 3 silk handkerchiefs. It is possible he was the same James Johnson who Tom de M. M-P paid by cheque £1 to in May 1868 for shoeing horses on //Maroon//.\\ |
| 7 **Timothy Shea** employed in February 1844 to take change of sheep at £104pa. He bought a large number of goods then was paid out 'to settle a dispute' in July 1845. A later entry (pp32-33) has him employed for 14 weeks and 1 day at £2 per week. Shea was an unsatisfactory employee though he was given a number of chances. TLM-P apparently deducted money from Shea's wages for not mixing flocks (£4); allowing rams to be with flock and presumably mucking up the breeding program (£5); and losing a Carbine rifle (£3.10.0). \\ | 7 **Timothy Shea** employed in February 1844 to take change of sheep at £104 a year. He bought a large number of goods then was paid out 'to settle a dispute' in July 1845. A later entry (pp32-33) has him employed for 14 weeks and 1 day at £2 per week. Shea was an unsatisfactory employee though he was given a number of chances. TLM-P apparently deducted money from Shea's wages for not mixing flocks (£4); allowing rams to be with flock and presumably mucking up the breeding program (£5); and losing a Carbine rifle (£3.10.0). \\ |
| 8 **John Townsend** was hired on 4 May 1843 to use his own horse to ride to Moreton Bay to look after stock. He was paid £30pa but just for 3 months. He was later employed as a hutkeeper until 28 February 1844. The rate of pay is unclear, perhaps£9 per month. When he was on leave in 1844 he apparently decided he needed a new horse, but was convicted 'for horse stealing by Captain Wickham' who was the police magistrate at Moreton Bay. See [[https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/wickham-john-clements-2790|ADB entry]].\\ | 8 **John Townsend** was hired on 4 May 1843 to use his own horse to ride to Moreton Bay to look after stock. He was paid £30pa but just for 3 months. He was later employed as a hut keeper until 28 February 1844. The rate of pay is unclear, perhaps £9 per month. When he was on leave in 1844 he apparently decided he needed a new horse, but was convicted 'for horse stealing by Captain Wickham' who was the police magistrate at Moreton Bay. See [[https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/wickham-john-clements-2790|ADB entry]].\\ |
| 9 **Dennis Kahill** was hired on 23 December 1844 at £20 pa and later paid an extra 10/- for shepherding.\\ | 9 **Dennis Kahill** was hired on 23 December 1844 at £20 a year and later paid an extra 10/- for shepherding.\\ |
| 10,11 **James Stanley and his wife**. It was seen as worth noting that the couple were 'free' emigrants rather than former convicts. They arrived in Sydney possibly on 6 January [the date is hard to decipher] and at //Rosewood// on 1 October 1843. He was hired as a general servant and his wife as a laundress and hutkeeper at a combined wage of £20 pa. TLM-P agreed to pay their passage 'if they conduct themselves properly. One half to be deducted after 6 months the reminder at end of 12 months.' With such a low wage, it was difficult to save so in Sept 1844 TLM-P advanced them £7 to travel to Brisbane and for sundry expenses. Possibly this was the same James Stanley who was employed on //Maroon// in April 1865 as a stockman for £1 per week for 4 weeks, then re-engaged\\ | 10,11 **James Stanley and his wife**. It was seen as worth noting that the couple were 'free' emigrants rather than former convicts. They arrived in Sydney possibly on 6 January [the date is hard to decipher] and at //Rosewood// on 1 October 1843. He was hired as a general servant and his wife as a laundress and hut keeper at a combined wage of £20 a year. TLM-P agreed to pay their passage 'if they conduct themselves properly. One half to be deducted after 6 months the reminder at end of 12 months.' With such a low wage, it was difficult to save so in Sept 1844 TLM-P advanced them £7 to travel to Brisbane and for sundry expenses. Possibly this was the same James Stanley who was employed on //Maroon// in April 1865 as a stockman for £1 per week for 4 weeks, then re-engaged\\ |
| 12 **Cornelius? Hughes** hired as as shepherd, hutkeeper and stockman at £10 pa. This amount was doubled to £20 pa due to 'good conduct'. \\ | 12 **Cornelius? Hughes** hired as as shepherd, hut keeper and stockman at £10 a year. This amount was doubled to £20 a year due to 'good conduct', an indication of the market rate for a reliable stockman/hut keeper. \\ |
| 13 **Jeremiah? McCarthy** hired as general servant and possibly shepherd (the word is unclear) on 10 August 1843 at £18 pa. He was discharged in January 1844.\\ | 13 **Jeremiah? McCarthy** hired as general servant and possibly shepherd (the word is unclear) on 10 August 1843 at £18 a year. He was discharged in January 1844.\\ |
| 14 **Florence McCarthy** hired as general servant on 23 October 1842 for 2 years at £20 pa. This period was reduced to 1 year then in January 1844 she was discharged.\\ | 14 **Florence McCarthy** hired as general servant on 23 October 1842 for 2 years at £20 a yeara. This period was reduced to 1 year then in January 1844 she was discharged.\\ |
| 15 **John Clarke** in an unknown capacity from 10 December 1844 with wages of £25 pa. [check is this entry for Bromelton? p.31]\\ | 15 **John Clarke** in an unknown capacity from 10 December 1844 with wages of £25 a year. [check is this entry for Bromelton? p.31]\\ |
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| | TLM-P needed to be reasonably self-sufficient. That included not only medical books but at least one on the law.{{ :scan_20171014.jpg?250|}} The title page of his law book is shown in the next photo.((Provenance: Sarah Godden)) The book is inscribed, 'Thomas Lodge Murray Prior, Logan River Moreton Bay. January 1845'.\\ |
| ==== Employees at Bugrooperia Station 1848-1849 ==== | ==== Employees at Bugrooperia Station 1848-1849 ==== |
| A Ledger for Bugrooperia station, Logan River, Queensland, May 1848-1849((MLMSS 3117/Box 6/Item 5)) lists his employees. His male European employees were generally paid much more and more precisely identified than Indigenous, Asian or female employees. Note that, as with the other ledgers, the names are often hard to decipher. Though there is little evidence of personal expenses or his domestic life in these ledgers, he had married in 1846. His first son was born in January 1848 and his second son August 1849 (dying 5 months later). \\ | A Ledger for Bugrooperia station, Logan River, Queensland, May 1848-1849((MLMSS 3117/Box 6/Item 5)) lists his employees. His male European employees were generally paid much more and more precisely identified than Indigenous, Asian or female employees. Note that, as with the other ledgers, the names are often hard to decipher. Though there is little evidence of personal expenses or his domestic life in these ledgers, he had married in 1846. His first son was born in January 1848 and his second son in August 1849 (dying 5 months later). \\ |
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| 1 **J. Richardson** employed from 25 April 1848 to at least 4 December 1848 (p.1); \\ | 1 **J. Richardson** employed from 25 April 1848 to at least 4 December 1848 (p.1); \\ |
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| ==== Employees at Hawkwood Station 1854-1858 ==== | ==== Employees at Hawkwood Station 1854-1858 ==== |
| As usual the ledger also records other transactions, such as buying cattle from James Glennie Esq in 1857. There is also a list of stores purchased in 1855 with a note that the account was settled when Mr Chauvel left Hawkwood.((MLMSS 3117/Box 8)) A.B.J. Chauvel Esq. is also noted in 1854. The Chauvels had a property //Tabulam// on the Clarence River in northern NSW - see [[wp>Tabulam]]. Another member of the family, Charles H. Chauvel lived at Canning Downs South in Queensland from 1883 and by the mid-1890s was a 'well-known as a breeder of pure Shorthorns'.((The Brisbane Courier, 18 May 1896, p.4)) TTLM-P's later property //Maroon// also became known for its shorthorns.\\ | \\ |
| | {{:1857_hawkwood_.jpg?300|}} A page from the ledger kept by TLM-P in 1857 showing he had 13,342 sheep. A. Brown is the overseer and it also lists, somewhat indistinctly now, eight employees.((MLMSS 3117/Box 7X)) |
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| | The //Hawkwood// (and TLM-P's other) ledgers usually record stock numbers, payments and receipts and employees' wages as well as store purchases. Occasionally we get a glimpse of more about individual employees. In 1856, for example, TLM-P wrote: 'Munday came up to Hawkwood with a mob of cattle and worked well whilst he was at it and herded at the Cattle Station for a short time, but hearing some thing about his wife he went away and thinking him sufficiently punished I gave his discharge.' As usual the ledger also records transactions with other squatters, such as buying cattle from James Glennie Esq in 1857. There is also a list of stores purchased in 1855 with a note that the account was settled when Mr Chauvel left Hawkwood.((MLMSS 3117/Box 8)) A.B.J. Chauvel Esq. is also noted in 1854. The Chauvels had a property //Tabulam// on the Clarence River in northern NSW - see [[wp>Tabulam]]. Another member of the family, Charles H. Chauvel lived at Canning Downs South in Queensland from 1883 and by the mid-1890s was a 'well-known as a breeder of pure Shorthorns'.((The Brisbane Courier, 18 May 1896, p.4)) TTLM-P's later property //Maroon// also became known for its shorthorns.\\ |
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| Some of the employees listed are: \\ | Some of the employees listed are: \\ |
| 17 **John Goose** \\ | 17 **John Goose** \\ |
| 18 **Dhookee/Dho Ree** see above under Chinese indentured labourers.\\ | 18 **Dhookee/Dho Ree** see above under Chinese indentured labourers.\\ |
| 19 **Sydney Lynds** Possibly Reid's Sydney Ling a German doctor, see below; also possibly 'S. Linds' later in the Hawkwood accounts; Mr Sydney Linds was listed in 1856 as charge of cattle for £50 pa.\\ | 19 **Sydney Lynds** Possibly Sydney Ling a German doctor, see below; also possibly 'S. Linds' later in the Hawkwood accounts; Mr Sydney Linds was listed in 1856 as charge of cattle for £50 pa.\\ |
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| The next ledger is also for Hawkwood station.((MLMSS 3117/Box 7X)) There is also a list of the shearers employed in 1855 including John Black who sheared 1600 sheep), 1856 and 1857. C. Daly and A. Rucker were contracted in 1856 and 1857 to build a kitchen with a shingle roof as well as 3 shepherd huts with two rooms 10x6 feet each, door and window. He also did business with a number of people and firms, such as John Powers & L. Hugham, carriers; Con. Daly, for shingles etc of new building; and Hughan & Smith. Not all employees are listed, but some that were are:\\ | The next ledger is also for Hawkwood station.((MLMSS 3117/Box 7X)) There is also a list of the shearers employed in 1855 including John Black who sheared 1600 sheep), 1856 and 1857. C. Daly and A. Rucker were contracted in 1856 and 1857 to build a kitchen with a shingle roof as well as 3 shepherd huts with two rooms 10x6 feet each, door and window. He also did business with a number of people and firms, such as John Powers & L. Hugham, carriers; Con. Daly, for shingles etc of new building; and Hughan & Smith. Not all employees are listed, but some that were are:\\ |
| 1 **Jemima Fraser** hired on 17 September 1858 as a nurse at £25 pa with a months' notice required. A nurse was needed as he and Matilda at that stage had six surviving children the eldest of whom was 10 years old. As well, Matilda would give birth the following month. \\ | 1 **Jemima Fraser** hired on 17 September 1858 as a nurse at £25 pa with a months' notice required. A nurse was needed as he and Matilda at that stage had six surviving children the eldest of whom was 10 years old. As well, Matilda would give birth the following month. \\ |
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| Gordon Reid claimed that TLM-P employed three Aboriginal men and one woman (from the coast, not from the local area, one named Billy Hayes and another just referred to as Freddy) at //Hawkwood// as well as Ernest Davies, Sydney Ling a German doctor, and 'one or two others'. ((Reid, //A Nest of Hornets//, Masters thesis, p.134.)) //Hawkwood//'s ledger simply refers to 'Black Boys' giving no names.((pp.146-47))\\ | In TLM-P's reminiscences to Rosa, he mentions that he employed three Aboriginal men and one woman (from the coast, not from the local area, one named Billy Hayes and another just referred to as Freddy) at //Hawkwood// as well as Ernest Davies, Sydney Ling a German doctor, and 'one or two others'. He wrote that 'We had a sheep station about 2 miles up 'Oakey Creek' where only a single Chinese shepherd was in charge of a large flock, indicating how difficult life could be the Chinese indentured labourers. //Hawkwood//'s ledger simply refers to 'Black Boys' giving no names.((pp.146-47))\\ |
| ==== Ormiston c.1858-59/ Creallagh 1859-c.63 ==== | ==== Ormiston c.1858-59/ Creallagh 1859-c.63 ==== |
| These were two fairly short-lived ventures (respectively mainly a banana and sugar plantation) and it is not clear which employees at these properties - or if they worked for him in another capacity. [To do: check dates where possible]\\ | These were two fairly short-lived ventures (respectively mainly a banana and sugar plantation) and it is not clear which employees at these properties - or if they worked for him in another capacity. [To do: check dates where possible]\\ |